It is no secret that summer residents and gardeners, planting fruit trees on their plot, dream of a garden that will delight with an abundance of fruits. However, seedlings not always purchased meet expectations. Gardeners do not despair, the situation can always be corrected. On stronger trunks, you can vaccinate cuttings of the desired variety and get a good harvest over time.
Amateur gardeners who have created real magical orchards with several varieties of fruits on one trunk are always ready to share with the first gardeners how to plant trees and the tricks of this procedure.
Vaccination Procedure
Vaccination is an interesting and fascinating activity. The main thing is not to overdo it: not to be vaccinated on fruit trees of a variety incompatible with stock. In this case, the tree begins to hurt, the leaves become smaller, and it dies over time.
Why grafting fruit trees
Vaccination of trees is a vegetative method of propagation of plants. If a gardener wants to rejuvenate aged or diseased fruit trees, you cannot do without vaccination. In this case, the seedling repeats the best properties of the mother plant. Alternatively, several varieties are planted on the same trunk to save space in the garden.
What is stock and scion
To grow new plants, gardeners vaccinate using scion and stock. In plain language, this is the implantation of the tissue of one plant into the tissue of another.
The main tree on which the graft or bud will be grafted is called a stock. Accordingly, buds and cuttings from another tree are called scion.
Gardeners recommend carefully studying the properties and characteristics of plants before vaccination. You cannot combine two plants of your own accord. There should be a family relationship between them, so before you vaccinate a tree, you should find out which stocks are suitable for this procedure.
Inoculation of a cultivated plant on a wild
Nursery workers do not have absolutely accurate information about the required compatibility, but vaccination is considered successful if different varieties are grafted onto one type of plant. That is, you need to plant the apple variety on the apple stock, and the pear variety on the pear tree. There are some exceptions. For example, a graft of plum cuttings takes root well on cherry plum, a lemon cuttings - on a bitter orange.
Attention! When creating decorative plant species, cultures of distant kinship can be instilled.
How to choose a stock
The rootstock cuttings are selected so that it is compatible with the grafted variety. This is the foundation of the future tree, on which the cultivar will grow. The development and fruiting, as well as the taste characteristics of the fruit, depend on a properly selected stock.
A broken tree that has retained its vitality, a stump with good roots, or a wild species of a related tree can act as a stock. The cuttings take root well on a tree that is more than two or three years old. It has a developed root system that supplies nutrition to the stalk grafted to it.
How to choose a scion
The graft should be chosen so that it meets such varietal qualities as productivity, frost resistance, and resistance to diseases. Experienced gardeners advise taking grades that correspond to the growing regions as scion.
You can make your own graft yourself.
Preparation of cuttings
The time for preparing cuttings for vaccination is the end of autumn and the end of winter. Mostly gardeners prefer to make autumn harvesting of cuttings after falling leaves, with the onset of the first frosts. At this time, disinfection from microbes and fungi occurs, the plant enters a phase of complete rest.
The best cuttings
In the autumn harvest, cuttings of a young fruiting tree are selected. Usually his age is from 3 to 7 years. The stem can have a length of not more than 40 cm. Its diameter is about 5-7 cm. It should have growth and 4 developed buds. The distances between the nodes are short. Nature has invested in a small stalk the ability to give birth to a full-fledged tree with maternal properties transferred to it.
If it was not possible to harvest the cuttings in the fall, they are cut in early spring. A favorable time for this is March-April, depending on the region of growth of the grafted plants. Summer grafting of fruit trees with green cuttings gives a good result. In summer, cuttings are cut before vaccination. Experienced gardeners are recommended to beginners to take cuttings from trees that are regularly pruned.
Attention! For grafting by cuttings, cuttings need to be cut from the side of the tree crown facing south, from the shoots of the middle tier.
Tools and materials for vaccination
To prepare and conduct the vaccination procedure, certain horticultural tools are needed. These include a knife of the appropriate shape, allowing you to make the desired incision. For different types of vaccinations, there are special equipment and all kinds of knives, but not a kitchen knife, which can damage the bark of a tree without having a sufficiently sharp blade. The quality of the vaccine depends on the knife.
To prepare the cuttings, garden shears are used - secateurs, due to which a smooth clean cut is made. For vaccination for bark, a special oculative knife is used, in which there is an additional blade for separating the bark.
Vaccination equipment
For tying the grafted area, a special strapping material is used: elastic grafting strips, budding loops. Sliced areas are greased with translucent wood grease using grafting strips.
Optimal timing for vaccination
When is it best to plant trees? Based on the experience of gardeners, it is better to vaccinate in the warm season, when there is the greatest likelihood of a good engraftment of the cuttings and tightening the wound from an incision. Gardeners note that tree grafting is best done in spring. The timing and time for vaccination are the best in May. At this time, sap flow occurs in the tree. If the stalk does not take root, it is possible to repeat the procedure again during the summer months: July-August.
Tip. Pros also draw the attention of beginners to the use of the lunar calendar, which indicates the numbers most favorable for this procedure.
Methods of grafting fruit trees
Before you begin the procedure of grafting fruit trees at home, you need to familiarize yourself with the rules for its implementation.
Important! Coloning plants should be carried out quickly so as not to affect the influence of external factors cuts in places of scion.
A good result can be expected when old trees are grafted, with good annual growth. Gardeners with extensive coloration experience recommend planting varieties with the same ripening period on the tree.
If varieties ripen at different times, there is a chance to get a crop of those fruits whose ripening period is earlier. Harvest with late ripening can not be obtained at all. Gardeners recommend planting strong-growing varieties on the lower part of the trunk, and growing weakly on the upper.
Grafted vigorous and weak-growing varieties on a tree
Before embarking on the grafting of a fruit tree, you need to study and understand which method is best suited for a tree or shrub, what are its advantages and disadvantages.
Over bark
The simplest vaccine is for the bark. Best of all, it takes root during the movement of juice, in the April-May month. Then the bark is easily separated from the wood. The main thing is to make the correct oblique cut in the handle. It is made with a sharp knife, creating an ideal surface for joining cambium stock and scion. Next is the strapping film.
In lateral incision
This colling is done on the side of a branch or seedling. The advantage of this type of gardeners consider rapid fruiting. For example, a young tree brings the first crop in 5-7 years, grafted in this way - in 2-3 years.
Privoy in a side cut
This grafting is used by gardeners to align one-sided types of crowns.
Into the cleavage
By planting in a split, gardeners use this method to renew gardens. The top is cut from the tree, the base is cut. A scion stalk is inserted into the gap. The time for vaccination is spring.
Additional Information! For this type of vaccination, the diameter of the scion and stock should not matter and do not affect the result of the vaccination. It is better to plant in a split together. The second pair of hands will help to insert the stalk into the prepared cleavage.
Copulation
This type of vaccination is used when the stock and scion are quite thin and of the same thickness. Both branches are cut obliquely at the same angle, the cut has the same length.
Copulation
By connecting the slices, a winding is performed, which fixes both branches. Copying is usually done in April.
Ablution
Ablution is currently rarely used, although it is a simple vaccination method. For her, the bark is removed from the stock and scion, and the branches are attached to each other. The compound is wrapped with special material and coated with var or plasticine.
Budding
The most common is the method of budding a healthy kidney with a shield of the cortex with a graft handle. The best time for promising is in the summer months: from mid-July to mid-August. Usually the kidney takes root in the fall, in the spring of next year gives an escape.
Scheme of the budding process
To perform this type of vaccination, a minimum of vaccination material is required.
Grafting a cutter with a drill
The essence of this vaccination is to drill a hole in a large tree with a drill, 8 mm in diameter to a depth of 4-5 cm. A suitable twig of the same diameter with four buds is taken. It cleans the bark from the edge, which will be inserted into the drilled hole.
100% survival of the handle
Planting of the handle should be such that the untreated bark slightly penetrates the hole.
In order for the grafted stalk to take root on a new plant, an exchange of juices must occur between it and the main plant. Scions most successfully take root during the movement of juice. This period falls on spring and early summer.
If the coloration occurs in the spring and summer months, after a couple of weeks you can observe the swelling of the kidneys on the scion, this indicates that the vital activity of the plant has intensified. For example, when tinting with eyes, it is possible to verify after 12-15 days that the eye has taken root, while the petiole disappears, and the binding must be loosened.
It is not difficult to tint plants. The main thing is to follow the advice and take into account the experience of gardeners.
